高考冲刺讲义阅读长难句分析及翻译

【例题精讲】

1. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a “disjunction” between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.

【词汇突破】the treasury secretary财政部长（美）

anecdote轶闻，趣闻

statistics 数据（还有一个我们不熟悉的意思：表格）

picture情况，事态，局面，状况，情形，形势

【主干识别】There is a disjunction.

【其他成分】as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says 插入语；between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics后置定语修饰a disjunction.

【微观解析】between the mass of business anecdote and the picture;为定语的主体部分；that points to a leap in productivity修饰anecdote；reflected by the statistics修饰statistics。

【难点揭秘】由于插入语的加入，造成了对主干是别的难度，尤其是在between… and…结构的识别中由于加入了定语从句使其难于理解。

【译文赏析】正如财长鲁宾所说，在表明生产力飞跃发展的商业佚事和数据所反映的情况之间存在着脱节。

【翻译点拨】也可以把比较长的那个部分单独翻译，这样更符合中文的习惯：有大量表明生产力飞跃发展的商业佚事，但是财长罗伯特.鲁宾认为现实的数据表明的情况并不能支持这些传奇。

2.Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time.

【词汇突破】estimate 估量，评估

not…but不是……而是……

【主干识别】Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass but changes.

【其他成分】括号中的内容对biomass进行解释和说明；of species和in particular parts of the ocean做后置定语修饰biomass， in that biomass over time后置定语修饰changes；

【难点揭秘】estimate的宾语为the actual biomass 和changes的并列，并列连词为but , 在阅读的过程中往往会由于长定语的分割而产生阅读的障碍；

【译文赏析】他们的研究方法并不是想估计出某些特定地区鱼类的实际生物量（活的生物总量），而是估计出这些生物量随着时间发生的变化。

【翻译点拨】多个定语在修饰着changes因此顺序应该做符合中文习惯的调整。

3. One leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better.

【词汇突破】authority 权威

harness 使……停止的意思；和stop 可以互换但是更加正式的表达；还有一个单词是curb，这个单词表示控制的意思相当于control，原意是缰绳的意思，这个单词为考研高频词。

conscious有意识的

intensely powerful mental event在原文中就等于dreams;

【主干识别】one leading authority says that+宾语从句；

【其他成分】宾语从句的主干是these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control;并列连词not only …but also…连接两个并列的动词harnessed 和 brought；to help us sleep and feel better 为目的状语

【难点揭秘】动词的并列造成识别上的困难。

【译文赏析】而一名顶级权威认为，这些极其强烈的大脑活动不仅可以被抑制，实际上还可以受到意识的控制，进而帮助我们睡眠，使我们感觉好一些。

4.But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for them- selves—goals that pose a real challenge.

【词汇突破】 utility运用

supervision 监管

【主干识别】they will have to operate and be able to make a few decisions. 并列的两个谓语由and 连接；

【其他成分】But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility状语；with less human supervision状语；at least状语；goals that pose a real challenge整个句子的同位语。

【微观解析】同位语goals 被定语从句修饰；

【难点揭秘】动词的并列，状语的隔离；同位语的识别需要关注。

【译文赏析】但是如果机器人能在下一个阶段达到节省人工的运用，它们将必须在更少的人力监督之下工作，而且还要至少能够自己做出几个决定--这些目标才会带来真的挑战。

【翻译点拨】对于the next stage of laborsaving utility的处理，如果直译就是：如果机器人要达到节省人工的运用的下一个阶段在，这样的表达不仅拗口而且难懂，就是典型的死译，所以把定语转译为状语。

5. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd.

【词汇突破】glimpse 快速的看一眼；

disregard抛弃，丢弃

irrelevant不相干

instantaneously立即

winding蜿蜒曲折的

suspicious可疑的

【主干识别】the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent并列的两个动词glimpse和disregard

【其他成分】that is irrelevant 修饰 the 98percent; focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. 现在分词短语作状语，focus 的动作发出者就是句子主语human mind。

【微观解析】the monkey or the single suspicious face为focus on的并列宾语

【难点揭秘】动词的并列在主句中出现；而在现在分词短语中出现并列宾语；

【译文赏析】但是人类的大脑可以只迅速地瞟一眼一个快速改变的场面，然后立刻放弃98％的不相关信息，而马上聚焦于一条崎岖森林道路边的一只猴子，或者在茫茫人海中的一张可疑的脸。

6.A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper.，

【词汇突破】reveal 揭露

constitutes 包含

primacy重要性，首要地位

【主干识别】A comparison reveals not…but also …主谓宾结构

【其他成分】of British geological publications定语修饰comparison, over the last century and a half定语修饰publications，an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research宾语，a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper并列宾语

【微观解析】an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research其中on the primacy of research修饰emphasis;research修饰definition ; what 引导一个宾语从句作of 的宾语，what为宾语从句中的主语。

【难点揭秘】出现并列的宾语并且在宾语中的定语又出现一个宾语从句，这样就增加了句子的复杂性，并且在句中出现了好几个动态名词。

【译文赏析】将过去一个半世纪英国地质学领域的出版物做一下比较，(我们)就会发现不仅对科研的主导地位的强调不断攀升，而且一篇可接受的科研论文所包含的内容的定义也有所变化。

【翻译点拨】在这个句中有两个动态名词一个是comparison，还有一个为emphasis，其中还有一个动态形容词changing；在翻译的处理上都翻译为动词，并增加概说的主语“我们”。

7. I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers demands.

【词汇突破】M&A 为mergers and acquisitions 的缩写表示合并和兼并的意思为经济术语。

underlie 构成…的基础；导致…发生。例如：The social problems underlying these crises remain unsolved.（引起这些危机的社会问题尚未解决。）

trade and investment barriers贸易和投资壁垒

globalization process全球化进程(可以作为写作词汇使用)

【主干识别】I believe that+宾语从句

【其他成分】the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same 为宾语从句主干；that underlie the globalization process为定语从句；“：”后为对forces的解释；

【微观解析】三种力量的并列为falling transportation and communication costs,以及lower trade and investment barriers 和 enlarged markets后面接一个定语从句 that require enlarged operations和后置定语形容词短语：capable of meeting customers demands

【难点揭秘】并列的三种力量，由于修饰语比较长和并列连词较多使其解析较难；

【译文赏析】我认为巨大的并购浪潮背后的最重要的推动力和促进全球化进程的力量是一样的：即降低交通运输成本，逐渐减少贸易投资壁垒，以及为能满足消费者需求而大幅度拓展得市场。

8. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope.

【词汇突破】auditors 审计人员

distract分散注意力

【主干识别】It is entirely reasonable to believe that +宾语从句.形式主语从句

【其他成分】for auditors 状语；scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope.宾语从句。

【微观解析】scientists should not be distracted 宾语从句主干；who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there 定语从句修饰scientist；where they are going and how they will get there定语从句中know的宾语从句；by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope.状语；of keeping one eye on the cash register修饰the necessity 作定语。while the other eye is on the microscope状语修饰keeping。

【难点揭秘】主语从句中出现定语从句，定语从句中出现并列的宾语这样隔离的障碍就更为显著了。

【译文赏析】审查者完全有理由相信，知道自己准备做什么、怎么做的科学家不应该因为必须一只眼盯着收银机，另一只眼盯着显微镜而分散了注意力。

【翻译点拨】by短语在句子中是充当状语，翻译为原因，where they are going and how they will get there处理为知道做什么，知道怎么做，这样的表达符合中文的习惯。如果直接翻译为：知道他们要去哪里和怎么去，就是对于字面含义的翻译。属于死译。

9. Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools.

【词汇突破】hypocritical 虚伪的；

spectacles景象

ample充足的

radical激进的，根本的

journalist记者，新闻工作者

advocate支持

participatory democracy参与制民主

enrolled in注册入学，入伍

【主干识别】we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles主谓结构的被动态

【其他成分】 which now more than ever seem in ample supply 定语从句修饰spectacles；“：”之后列出三种虚伪的景象的代表人物，举例说明。

【微观解析】定语从句还原为一个完整的句子：The spectacles now more than ever seem in ample supply.其主干为：The spectacles seem in ample supply；now more than ever为状语。代表人物一 the critic of American materialism（美国物质主义的批评者） with a Southampton summer home;（其拥有南安普顿的避暑山庄）；代表人物二 the publisher of radical books（激进书刊的出版者）who takes his meals in three-star restaurants，定语从句讲他们却在三星级酒店就餐（因为激进主义者往往是最求生活极简的）；代表人物三 the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life（支持在人生的各个阶段推崇参与制民主的记者）whose own children are enrolled in private schools定语从句讲他们自己的孩子却在私立学校上学（私立学校的教育是精英制的，而参与制民主是需要和大众贴近的）。

【难点揭秘】冒号后并列的三个部分就是三个名词后面接上比较长的定语修饰，这样就造成了阅读的困难；

【译文赏析】相反，我们看到了这些非常虚伪的景象，他们似乎比以前的任何时候都更多见：批判美国式物质主义的人却拥有位于南安普顿的避暑山庄：激进书籍的出版商却在三星级餐厅享用一日三餐；倡导在人生各个阶段实施参与式民主的记者，他的子女却就读于私立学校。

【翻译点拨】we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles如果直接翻译那就是：我们被招待了很好的虚伪景象；这样的说法并不符合中文的习惯，中文是多主动，英语多被动，因此句子转译为：我们看到了这些非常虚伪的景象fine 处理为非常。

10.But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river—and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers, "Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms."

【词汇突破】explanatory 解释性的

upsetting不安

consists of包含

【主干识别】 it is a little upsetting to read that+宾语从句and then to find that+宾语从句；形式主语句，句子主语为 to read and to find.在主语中带有两个动词不定式中的宾语从句；

【其他成分】 in the explanatory notes 状语；a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge宾语从句主干；off which they both fall into the river起连接句子作用的定语从句；the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers宾语从句主干；"Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms."是Line的同位语。

【微观解析】off which they both fall into the river还原为一个句子就是：they both fall into the river off the bridge.

【难点揭秘】主语是两个并列的成分识别并列主语是一大难点；

【译文赏析】但当我们先是从解释性注释中得知某诗行讲述了一个土耳其军官和一个保加利亚军官在桥上格斗并双双掉进河里，而后又发现该行诗中只充斥着"扑通，扑通，185公斤重"这类对他们落水时的声音以及对军官们体重的描写时，我们不免感到困惑不安。

【翻译点拨】先把两个比较长的主语单独译成两个句子，再翻译剩下的部分，打破英语中的句子限定，单独成句是很重要的翻译技巧，简单讲就是哪个部分太长就尽量的单独翻译。

练习

1. Go to the government website to learn about programs and online tools available to help people under 30 build skills, find a job or start businesses all year round.

分析：_______________

翻译：______________________

2. Through the Summer Employment Opportunities program, students are hired each year in a variety of summer positions across the Provincial Public Service, its related agencies and community groups.

分析：______________

翻译：_____________________

3. With shining dark eyes, he seems like the kind of kid who would enjoy public speaking.

分析：______________

翻译：_______________________

4. Whaley recalls how at the beginning of the year, when called upon to read, Chris would excuse himself to go to the bathroom.

分析：_______________

翻译：_________________________

5. “It takes a lot for any student,” Whaley explains, “especially for a student who is learning English as their new language, to feel confident enough to say, ‘I don’t know, but I want to know.’”

分析：______________

翻译：_________________________

6. This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key.

分析：_________________

翻译：__________________________

7. The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a user’s typing and the time between key presses.

分析：_______________

翻译：_________________________

8. The keyboard can determine people’s identities, and by extension, whether they should be given access to the computer it’s connected to — regardless of whether someone gets the password right.

分析：_________________

翻译：__________________________

9. Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed, with very low error rates.

分析：_______________

翻译：_________________________

阅读七选五

10. If the air you’re breathing is clean—which it would be if you’re away from the smog of cities—then the air is filled with life-giving, energizing oxygen.

分析：__________________

翻译：_____________________________

完形

11. Does Kilimanjaro deserve its reputation as a crowded mountain with lines of tourists ruining the atmosphere of peace?

分析：_______________

翻译：___________________________

语法填空

12. Scientists have responded by noting that hungry bears may be congregating around human settlements, leading to the illusion that populations are higher than they actually are.

分析：________________

翻译：__________________________

13. There was a bit of me that didn’t want to love this when everyone else on the planet did, but the horror story is brilliant.

分析：_______________

翻译：_________________________

14. It’s a real whodunit and the frustration when you realise what’s going on is horribly enjoyable.

分析：_________________

翻译：__________________________

15. I mention the single parent with four kids running the show and I talk about the dad coaching a team that his kids aren’t even on.

分析：_________________

翻译：______________________________

16. I’m secretly relieved because I know there’s real power in sharing volunteer responsibilities among many.

分析：_________________

翻译：___________________________

17. That relief is coupled with a deep understanding of why the same people keep coming back for more: Connecting to the community as you freely give your time, money, skills, or services provides a real joy.

分析：_________________

翻译：___________________________

18. In that sense, I’m pretty sure volunteering is more of a selfish act than I’d freely like to admit.

分析：________________

翻译：___________________________

19. However, if others benefit in the process, and I get some reward too, does it really matter where my motivation lies?

分析：________________

翻译：___________________________

20. Only at dinnertime are we eating together anymore，74 percent，according to statistics from the report.

分析：__________________

翻译：___________________________

21. It is depending on NASA HUNCH high school class, like the one science teachers Gene Gordon and Donna Himmelberg lead at Fairport High School in Fairport, New York.

分析：_______________

翻译：__________________________

七选五

22. Another way of setting realistic goals is to analyze your short and long term objectives, keeping in mind your beliefs, values and strengths.

分析：_____________________

翻译：_____________________________

23. Lin-Manuel Miranda wrote this musical about Alexander Hamilton, in which the birth of America is presented as an immigrant story.

分析：_____________

翻译：_______________________

24. Chinese models are the faces of beauty and fashion campaigns that sell dreams to women all over the world, which means Chinese women are not just consumers of fashion — they are central to its movement.

分析：___________________

翻译：____________________________

25. … not only are today’s top Western designers being influenced by China — some of the best designers of contemporary fashion are themselves Chinese.

分析：__________________

翻译：___________________________

26. The trend, then, was toward the “penny paper” — a term referring to papers made widely available to the public.

分析：______________

翻译：________________________

27. After running hundreds of tests, the researchers noted that the monkeys would go for the higher values more than half the time, indicating that they were performing a calculation, not just memorizing the value of each combination.

分析：________________

翻译：__________________________

28. When the team examined the results of the experiment more closely, they noticed that the monkeys tended to underestimate a sum compared with a single symbol when the two were close in value — sometimes choosing, for example, a 13 over the sum of 8 and 6.

分析：_________________

翻译：__________________________

七选五

29. While I have only listed two of each, there are obviously many other situations that can arise.

分析：________________

翻译：_________________________

30. Before asking questions about the course design, read the syllabus and learning management system information to be sure the answer isn’t hiding in plain sight.

分析：________________

翻译：___________________________

参考解析

1. 句意为：一年到头都可以上政府网页了解项目和有用的线上工具，这些工具能够帮助30岁以下的人增强技能，找到工作或者创业。

2. 句意为：通过暑期工项目，学生每年能够得到各种各样的暑期工作，工作地点包括省公共服务机构，及与之相关的机构和社区组织。

3. 句意为：他有着明亮的黑眼睛，看起来像是那种喜欢在公众场合演讲的孩子。

4. 句意为：Whaley回想起年初的时候，当要Chris朗读时，他就会请求去一趟卫生间。when called upon to read句中省略了he was。

5. 句意为：Whaley解释道，“对于任何一个学生来说，尤其是英语作为新语言学习的学生，自信地说出‘我不知道，但我想知道’需要付出很多。”

6. 句意为：这种智能键盘精确地测量人打字的节奏和按压每个键的力度。本句包含一个由which引导的定语从句修饰the cadence。

7. 句意为：通过分析一些数据，例如使用者的打字力度和按键时间，(这种) 键盘可以提供一层强有力的安全措施。

8. 句意为：(这种) 键盘能确定人的身份，然后确定是否可以让他们访问已连接的电脑，不管这个人是否输入了正确的密码。the computer it’s connected to是省略了关系代词的定语从句。

9. 句意为：根据参与者如何打字，从这台装置上收集来的数据可以用来辨认他们，错误率极低。collected from the device作定语修饰data，based on how they typed作方式状语修饰recognize，with very low error rates作伴随状语修饰recognize。

阅读七选五

10. 句意为：如果你呼吸的空气是干净的——倘若你远离城市的烟雾，空气应该是干净的——那么空气里满是让人充满活力与生命力的氧气。本句为if 引导的条件状语从句，其中which it would be 是对前面进行解释说明，指代 “the air you’re are breathing is clean”整句话。

完形

11. 句意为：乞力马扎罗山是该得到一个人满为患，安静被破坏的这样的名声吗?a crowded mountain with lines of tourists ruining the atmosphere of peace中with … 为with复合结构作mountain的后置定语，在这个结构中，tourists和ruin之间为主动的关系，因此用了ruining。

语法填空

12. 句意为：对此，科学家们的回应是，饥饿的北极熊可能聚集在人类居住地附近，导致人们产生一种错觉，认为它们的数量比实际数量要多。本句中有两个that引导的从句，第一个that引导宾语从句，作noting的宾语;第二个that引导同位语从句，解释说明先行词the illusion。

13. 句意为：过去虽然其他人都喜欢恐怖小说，但是我有点不太喜欢。不过，这本恐怖小说倒是很出色。句中that引导定语从句，修饰先行词me;when引导让步状语从句，相当于although。

14. 句意为：它的情节扑朔迷离，当你意识到发生了什么时，沮丧就会成为一种可怕的享受。句中 when 引导的时间状语从句前置于主句的表语之前，正常语序为：the frustration is horribly enjoyable when you realise what’s going on.

15. 句意为：我说起一位负责该活动的单亲家长，他有四个孩子;也谈到一位爸爸，即便他儿子没在那个球队，也给该球队执教。running the show作后置定语，修饰parent;coaching a team作后置定语，修饰dad;that引导定语从句，修饰team。

16. 句意为：我暗自欣慰，因为我知道众多人分担志愿者的工作会有真正的影响力。

17. 句意为：在欣慰的同时，也深刻理解了为什么同一拨人会不断回来参与更多的活动：当你自愿地提供时间、金钱、技能或服务时，参与社区活动会给予真正的快乐。why引导宾语从句，作of的宾语;Connecting to the community作主语，provides a real joy作谓语，as引导时间状语从句。

18. 句意为：从那个角度说，我很确信志愿服务是一种自私的行为，但我不愿承认这一点。

19. 句意为：然而，如果其他人在这个过程中受益，我也得到了一些回报，我的动机是什么重要吗?if引导状语从句，主句为does it really matter where my motivation lies。it是形式主语，指代where my motivation lies。

20. 句意为：有74%的人只在晚餐时间才一起吃饭。only+状语放在句首，强调时间状语，其后习惯上用部分倒装。正确语序是We are eating together only at dinnertime anymore, 74 percent, according to statistics from the report.

21. 句意为：它(美国国家航空航天局)在依靠NASA HUNCH 高中班，如在纽约费尔波特的费尔波特高中由理科老师吉恩戈登和唐娜·希梅尔伯格率领的NASA HUNCH 高中班。science teachers Gene Gordon and Donna Himmelberg lead at Fairport High School in Fairport, New York是省略了关系代词that的定语从句，修饰先行词the one, one指代NASA HUNCH high school class，关系代词that在定语从句中做lead的宾语。

七选五

22. 句意为：设定现实目标的另一种方法是，牢记你的信仰、价值观和优势的同时分析你的短期和长期目标。keeping in mind your beliefs, values and strengths是现在分词短语作伴随状语。

23. 句意为：林曼努尔米兰达写了这部关于亚历山大汉密尔顿的音乐剧，该剧通过一个移民故事展现了美国的诞生。in which 是非限制性定语从句，修饰this musical。

24. 句意为：中国模特是美丽和时尚运动的代表，她们向全世界的女性推销梦想，这意味着中国女性不仅仅是时尚的消费者，她们也是时尚运动的核心。which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰前面的句子。

25. 不仅是西方顶级的设计师正被中国影响着——一些当代最好的设计师自己就是中国人。not only置于句首，连接两个并列分句时，not only所在的句子要用部分倒装语序。

26. 句意为：当时的趋势是“便士报” ——一个术语，指广泛向公众提供的报纸。破折号后的部分对“penny paper”进行解释说明。referring to … 作后置定语修饰a term，其中made widely … 作papers的后置定语。

27. 句意为：在进行了数百次试验后，研究人员注意到，猴子超过一半的时间都会选择触摸更高的值，这表明它们在进行计算，而不是仅仅记住每个组合的值。本句主干为the researchers noted that …, that引导宾语从句，indicating that …为现在分词作状语，其中that引导宾语从句。

28. 句意为：当研究小组更仔细地测试实验结果时，他们注意到，两个数字的总和与单个的数字相比，当两者的值相近时，猴子们往往会低估两个数字之和——例如，有时会选择13而不是8和6的和。本句主干为When the team examined the results of the experiment more closely, they noticed that …，这是一个由when引导的时间状语从句，主句中包含一个that引导的宾语从句，该宾语从句中还包含一个由when引导的时间状语从句。compared with为过去分词短语作状语，破折号后面的内容为现在分词短语作状语。

七选五

29. 句意为：虽然每一项我只列出了两种，但显然还会有许多其他情况出现。此句为while引出的让步状语从句，在主句中又包含了一个that引导的定语从句, that指代的是many other situations.

30. 句意为：在询问有关课程设计的问题前，要阅读教学大纲以及学习管理体系，以确保问题的答案不是显而易见的。本句是一个祈使句，asking …是分词短语作状语，to be sure…是不定式短语作目的状语。

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